How to cite anything in MLA 9
59 MLA 9 guides, one for each kind of source, with every example formatted by PERRLA's reference engine and checked by the PERRLA MLA Experts.
References
"Describe the theme of nature in Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park" prompt. ChatGPT, model GPT-4o, OpenAI, 23 Sept. 2024, chatgpt.com/share/66f1b0a0-d704-8000-be9a-85f53c850607.
"What You Need to Know about Handwashing." YouTube, uploaded by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 Sept. 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpXh2XHwMmE.
Benner, Patricia. "From Novice to Expert." American Journal of Nursing, vol. 82, no. 3, Mar. 1982, pp. 402–07, https://doi.org/10.2307/3462928.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed., text rev., American Psychiatric Association, 2022.
Every MLA 9 guide
Health and nursing sources 9
- AACN EssentialsThe Essentials: Core Competencies for Professional Nursing Education. 2026 ed., American Association of Colleges of Nursing, Apr. 2026, www.aacnnursing.org/....
- ANA Code of Ethics for NursesTitle of the Code. American Nurses Association, Year, URL (only for the online version).
- Clinical practice guidelineTitle of the Guideline. Guideline number, Organization Name, Day Month Year, www.organization.org/....
- Cochrane reviewLast Name, First Name, et al. "Title of the Review." Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. #, Day Mon. Year, article CDxxxxxx, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CDxxxxxx.pubx.
- DSM-5-TRDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Edition, American Psychiatric Association, Year, https://doi.org/xxxx.
- HIPAAUnited States, Congress. Public Law Number. United States Statutes at Large, vol. #, Year, pp. #–#. Website Name, URL.
- Nursing textbookLast Name, First Name, et al. Title of the Textbook: Subtitle. #th ed., Publisher, Year.
- Patient education handout or fact sheetAuthor (if not the publisher). Title of the Handout. Publisher, Date, www.url.com. Fact sheet.
- UpToDate articleLast Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. "Title of the Topic." UpToDate, Day Mon. Year, www.uptodate.com/contents/topic-name. Accessed Day Mon. Year.
Articles and periodicals 13
- Advance online publicationLast Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. "Title of the Article." Journal Name, Day Mon. Year, https://doi.org/xxxx.
- Book reviewReviewer Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Review." Review of Title of the Book, by First Name Last Name. Journal Name, vol. #, no. #, Day Mon. Year, pp. #–#, https://doi.org/xxxx.
- Editorial in a journalLast Name, First Name. "Title of the Editorial." Journal Name, vol. #, no. #, Month Year, p. #, https://doi.org/xxxx. Editorial.
- Journal articleLast Name, First Name. "Title of the Article." Journal Name, vol. #, no. #, Month Year, pp. #–#. https://doi.org/xxxx.
- Journal article with 21 or more authorsLast Name, First Name, et al. "Title of the Article." Journal Name, vol. #, no. #, Date, pp. #–# (or article #), https://doi.org/xxxx.
- Journal article with an article numberLast Name, First Name, et al. "Title of the Article." Journal Name, vol. #, no. #, Month Year, article #, https://doi.org/xxxx.
- Journal article with no DOILast Name, First Name. "Title of the Article." Journal Name, vol. #, no. #, Year, pp. #–#. Database Name, permalink.
- Movie or TV reviewReviewer Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Review." Review of Title of the Film, directed by First Name Last Name. Journal or Website Name, vol. #, no. #, Mon. Year, pp. #–#, https://doi.org/xxxx.
- Newspaper articleLast Name, First Name. "Headline of the Article." Newspaper Name, Day Mon. Year, www.url.com (or p. A#).
- Online news articleLast Name, First Name. "Headline of the Story." Name of the News Site, Day Mon. Year, www.url.com.
- Retracted articleLast Name, First Name, et al. "Title of the Article." Journal Name, vol. #, no. #, Day Mon. Year, pp. #–#, https://doi.org/xxxx. Retracted in vol. #, no. #, Day Mon. Year, p. #.
- Special issue or sectionLast Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name, editors. Title of the Issue. Special issue of Journal Name, vol. #, no. #, Month Year, https://doi.org/xxxx.
- Translated or foreign-language articleLast Name, First Name. "Title in the original language" ["English Translation of the Title"]. Journal Name, vol. #, no. #, Month Year, pp. #–#, https://doi.org/xxxx.
Books and reference works 13
- AnthologyLast Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name, editors. Title of the Anthology. Edition, Publisher, Year.
- AudiobookLast Name, First Name. Title of the Book: Subtitle. Narrated by First Name Last Name, audiobook ed., Audio Publisher, Year.
- BookLast Name, First Name. Title of the Book: Subtitle of the Book. 2nd ed., Publisher, Year.
- Book by an organizationName of Organization. Title of the Book. #th ed., Publisher, Year. (Organization is also the publisher? Title of the Book. #th ed., Name of Organization, Year.)
- Book in a seriesLast Name, First Name. Title of the Book. #th ed., Publisher, Year. Series Name #.
- Book with an edition numberLast Name, First Name. Title of the Book: Subtitle. #th ed., Publisher, Year.
- E-book or Kindle bookLast Name, First Name. Title of the Book: Subtitle. 2nd ed., e-book ed., Publisher, Year.
- Edited bookLast Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name, editors. Title of the Book. #th ed., Publisher, Year, https://doi.org/xxxx.
- Encyclopedia entryLast Name, First Name. "Title of the Entry." Name of the Encyclopedia, edited by First Name Last Name, Edition ed., Publisher, Year, pp. #–#, URL or https://doi.org/xxxx.
- Poem, story, or essay in an anthologyLast Name, First Name. "Title of the Piece." Original Year. Title of the Anthology, edited by First Name Last Name, Publisher, Year, pp. #–#.
- Republished or reprinted bookLast Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Original Year. Edited by First Name Last Name, Publisher, Year.
- Translated bookLast Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Original Year. Translated by First Name Last Name, Publisher, Year.
- Wikipedia article"Title of the Article." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Day Mon. Year, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=xxxx&oldid=xxxx.
Government and legal 3
- Affordable Care ActUnited States, Congress. Public Law 111-148. United States Statutes at Large, vol. 124, 2010, pp. 119–1024. Website Name, URL.
- Congressional hearing or testimonyUnited States, Congress, Senate (or House), Committee Name. Title of the Hearing. U.S. Government Publishing Office, Day Mon. Year, URL. #th Congress, #st session.
- Federal lawUnited States Code. Title #, section #, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Year of Edition, URL.
Reports, data, and tests 3
- Brochure or pamphletAuthor or Office. Title of the Brochure: Subtitle. Publisher, Mon. Year, www.url.com. Brochure.
- GrantLast Name, First Name. "Title of the Grant." Project no. xxxx, Funding Agency, Start Year–End Year, www.url.com.
- White paperLast Name, First Name, et al. Title of the White Paper. Edition or No. (if any), Publisher, Day Mon. Year, www.url.com. White paper.
School and unpublished work 4
- Class lecture or notesLast Name, First Name. Title of the Notes. Course Site, Day Mon. Year, URL. Lecture notes.
Last Name, First Name. Course Name. Day Mon. Year, School Name, City. Lecture. - Conference proceedingsLast Name, First Name. "Title of the Paper." Title of the Proceedings, edited by First Name Last Name et al., Publisher, Year, pp. #–#, https://doi.org/xxxx.
- Personal communicationLast Name, First Name. E-mail to the author. Day Month Year.
- PreprintLast Name, First Name, et al. "Title of the Preprint." Name of Preprint Server, Day Mon. Year, https://doi.org/xxxx. Preprint.
Social media 2
Video, audio, and art 8
- AlbumLast Name, First Name (or Band Name). Title of the Album. Record Label, Year.
- MovieTitle of the Film. Directed by First Name Last Name, Production Company, Year. Streaming Service, URL.
- Painting or artworkLast Name, First Name. Title of the Artwork. Year, Museum Name, City. (Online: Year. Website Name, URL.)
- PhotographLast Name, First Name. Title of the Photograph. Date Taken. Website Name, URL.
- Podcast episodeLast Name, First Name, host. "Title of the Episode." Name of the Podcast, episode #, Production Company, Day Mon. Year, URL.
- TV episode"Title of the Episode." Directed by First Name Last Name, written by First Name Last Name. Title of the Series, season #, episode #, Production Company, Day Mon. Year. Streaming Service.
- Video podcastLast Name, First Name, host. "Title of the Episode." Name of the Podcast, episode #, Production Company, Day Mon. Year, www.url.com.
- YouTube video"Title of the Video." YouTube, uploaded by Channel Name, Day Month Year, www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxxx.
Websites and online 4
- ChatGPT and other AI tools"Your prompt or a description of it" prompt. Tool Name, model Name, Company, Day Month Year, share link.
- Comment on an article or postLast Name, First Name (or username). Comment on "Title of the Article." Website Name, Day Mon. Year, URL.
- SoftwareName of the Software. Version #, Publisher, Year, URL.
Author. Name of the Software. Version #, Publisher, Year, https://doi.org/xxxx. - Webpage with no dateAuthor. "Title of the Page." Website Name, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.
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