PERRLA/Formats/Turabian 9

Turabian 9. Real footnotes, on the page they belong to.

Type #, pick the source, and the footnote lands at the bottom of the same page, numbered. Add or delete one and the rest renumber. Cite the same source again and the note is shortened for you. The bibliography builds itself. PERRLA formats the Turabian 9 notes-bibliography system, the one seminary, history, and Biblical studies papers use, in PERRLA Online, Word, and Google Docs.

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Built from A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 9th edition, by people, and tested against it.

Lozier and his colleagues found that the range their model predicted for Bigfoot looked much like the range of the American black bear, and they suspected that many reported sightings were, in fact, black bears.¹ Their model drew on 551 reported sightings and 95 footprint records from Washington, Oregon, and California, collected between 1944 and 2005, a sample large enough to give the map a convincing shape.²

The physical evidence has pointed the same way for decades. In 1977, the FBI Laboratory examined a sample of hair sent in on behalf of a Bigfoot research center in The Dalles, Oregon, compared it under the microscope with hairs of known origin, concluded that the hairs came from the deer family, and sent the sample back with its answer.³ Taken together, the sightings and the hair point to familiar animals, and the question that remains is why the legend has outlasted every test of it.

1. J. D. Lozier, P. Aniello, and M. J. Hickerson, “Predicting the Distribution of Sasquatch in Western North America: Anything Goes with Ecological Niche Modelling,” Journal of Biogeography 36, no. 9 (2009): 1626, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02152.x.

2. Lozier, Aniello, and Hickerson, “Predicting the Distribution,” 1624.

3. “Bigfoot,” FBI Vault, Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d., https://vault.fbi.gov/bigfoot.

Example body page with footnotes in Turabian 9.

Footnotes that stay where you put them.

A Turabian footnote is not a parenthetical dressed up with a number. It is a real note at the bottom of the page, and it has to move, renumber, and shorten itself as the paper changes. PERRLA does all three.

Cite

Type #, get a footnote

You type # and the picker opens at your cursor. You pick the source, and the page you're citing.

Same source, next note: 2. Lozier, Aniello, and Hickerson, “Predicting the Distribution,” 1624.

Same source, later: 7. Lozier, Aniello, and Hickerson, “Predicting the Distribution,” 1625.

You move or delete a note and every note renumbers. Nothing to fix by hand.

Bibliography

The bibliography entry

Sykes, Bryan C., Rhettman A. Mullis, Christophe Hagenmuller, Terry W. Melton, and Michel Sartori. “Genetic Analysis of Hair Samples Attributed to Yeti, Bigfoot and Other Anomalous Primates.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1789 (2014): 20140161. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0161.

The bibliography gains the full entry, first author inverted, alphabetized.

Type # in the sentence and the citation picker opens at your cursor. Pick the source and the page, and PERRLA places the superscript after the punctuation and writes the full note on the same page. The next time you cite that source, even in the very next note, the note is shortened: author, short title, page. Move a paragraph to another page and its notes move too, renumbered in order.

Standalone content notes, the ones with no citation in them, are typed by hand.

Bibliography

Lozier, J. D., P. Aniello, and M. J. Hickerson. “Predicting the Distribution of Sasquatch in Western North America: Anything Goes with Ecological Niche Modelling.” Journal of Biogeography 36, no. 9 (2009): 1623–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02152.x.

Meldrum, Jeff. Sasquatch: Legend Meets Science. New York: Forge, 2007.

The bibliography follows its own rules.

The two look alike and follow different rules. Students lose points copying one into the other. PERRLA writes each from the same source.

First author inverted in the bibliography, every author in normal order in the note.
Periods between the parts in the bibliography, commas in the note.
The full page range in the bibliography, the page you cited in the note.
Alphabetized by the first author's last name, with hanging indents and the title Bibliography centered.
Built from your notes, alphabetized, with Suggested Fixes pointing out any entry no note cites.

Example bibliography page in Turabian 9.

What PERRLA handles in Turabian 9.

Set when you create the paper and kept right as you edit, so the manual stays on the shelf.

The pages

Title page with the title, your name, course, instructor, and date placed where Turabian puts them
Page numbers on every page of the body
One-inch margins and double spacing, with single-spaced footnotes and block quotes
Headings at each level Turabian defines

Notes

Real same-page footnotes, placed after the punctuation
Automatic numbering and renumbering
Shortened notes for every repeat citation, even two in a row
Shortened notes for a source cited again later

Quotes and the bibliography

Block quotes for five or more lines of prose, single spaced and indented
Bibliography built from your notes, alphabetized, hanging indents
Suggested Fixes finds a footnote marker in the wrong place before you download

Sources

Guided forms for 47 source types, including scripture, books and chapters, journal articles, dissertations, and interviews
Lookup by DOI, ISBN, or link
Legal references inside Turabian papers
Tables, figures, a Table of Contents, and appendices for the thesis

Turabian 9 in every place you write.

Graduate theology, history, and Biblical studies programs write long papers with many notes. Start them from PERRLA and the notes take care of themselves.

PERRLA Online

The full editor in your browser. Footnotes sit at the bottom of the page they belong to, in a paged view that matches the printout. Table of Contents, appendices, and landscape pages for the thesis.

Turabian 9Word or PDF export

PERRLA for Word

An add-in for Word on desktop and the web. Footnotes are real Word footnotes. In Word for the web, they display with one cosmetic limitation in the editing view; the downloaded paper is right.

Turabian 9Checked before you submit

PERRLA for Google Docs

Turabian citations become real Google Docs footnotes, so they renumber and print where they belong.

Turabian 9Real Docs footnotes

Adding PERRLA to a document you already started is available for the APA format only. Turabian papers should be created from PERRLA.

The Turabian rules, explained in plain English.

Free guides on the PERRLA blog, whether or not you ever use PERRLA.

Questions about PERRLA and Turabian 9

Does PERRLA do Turabian footnotes?

Yes. In a Turabian 9 paper, PERRLA inserts real same-page footnotes, numbers and renumbers them automatically, shortens repeat citations, and builds the bibliography. Type # at your cursor to cite. This works in PERRLA Online, the Word add-in, and Google Docs, where the notes become real Docs footnotes.

Does PERRLA use Ibid.?

No. Every time you cite a source again, including in the very next note, PERRLA writes a shortened note: the author, a short title, and the page. Turabian allows this: unless your local guidelines require Ibid., you may use a shortened note instead (16.4.2). We chose it on purpose. A shortened note names the source right there, so no one flips back a note to find it, and it stays correct when you move a paragraph, where an Ibid. can end up pointing at the wrong source. That's why The Chicago Manual of Style, the style Turabian follows, has discouraged Ibid. since its 17th edition.

Does PERRLA do Turabian author-date?

PERRLA formats the Turabian 9 notes-bibliography system, with footnotes and a bibliography. That is the system most theology, history, and humanities courses require. Turabian's author-date system, with parenthetical citations and a reference list, is not a format in PERRLA.

What is the difference between Chicago and Turabian?

Turabian is the student version of the Chicago Manual of Style, written for papers, theses, and dissertations rather than published books. The citation forms are the same. If your course asks for Chicago notes-bibliography, a Turabian 9 paper in PERRLA follows the same rules for footnotes, shortened notes, and the bibliography.

Does PERRLA do endnotes?

PERRLA formats footnotes, which Turabian and most instructors prefer because the reader can check a source without flipping to the end. It doesn't format endnotes.

Does PERRLA do Turabian footnotes in Google Docs?

Yes. In a Turabian 9 paper in PERRLA for Google Docs, each citation you add from the sidebar becomes a real Google Docs footnote at the bottom of the page. The notes renumber when you add or delete one, and the bibliography builds at the end.

The footnotes and the bibliography take shape from your first citation on.

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